Large mass strandings of selected odontocete species: statistics, locations, and relation to earth processes
Contenu principal de l'article
Résumé
Larger mass strandings of open ocean odontocetes (toothed whales) of 10+ animals are examined with a compilation of 710 worldwide events. Six
species form 96% of events (false killer, long-finned pilot, melon-headed, short-finned pilot, sperm and white whales), with beaked, killer, and
pygmy killer whales forming 4%. Site type was determined for 630 events – three-quarters (76%) are in bays, 14% in shallow topographically
complex areas (estuarine environments, straits, keys, reef and coastal lagoons), 8% on relatively unindented coasts, with ice entrapment (of killer
whales) and miscellaneous categories being 2%. For the 76% of events in bays, sites with headland-bay character make up 42%, spit-bays 20%
(even though there are only four of them), indented bays 9% and unspecified bay types 5%. Headland-bays and spit-bays become stranding sites
through the properties endowed them by their mechanisms of formation and maintenance, but these mechanisms differ greatly for the two.
Breakwaters, groyne series, tides, partial burial, and violent storms also appear as themes. Nearshore slopes are less than 1° for 94 of 105 sites
having bathymetry information, with only two reaching or exceeding 3°. Some types of potential stranding sites can be identified by simple
quantitative specifications for planform, sediment size, and seabed slope, although strandings will not necessarily occur there. There is an indication
that larger strandings are globally correlated with areas of higher oceanic primary productivity near landmasses and oceanic islands, but quantitative
studies are needed to clarify any such possible relationship. There is also an indication that larger strandings are associated with plate tectonics,
with few events being seen on the steeper swell resistant active western margins of South America and South Island (New Zealand) in particular.
In contrast several larger events are recorded for the relatively older passive margins of the south-eastern sides of these two landmasses, putatively
because waves and swell have had time to construct stranding sites on them. Similarly, few larger events are seen for steeper shores adjacent to
coastal highlands, such as those of South Africa and Brazil. These observations indicate previously unsuspected relations between the phenomenon
of odontocete mass strandings and global scale earth and ocean processes, but they are essentially hypotheses in need of more quantitative
examination.
Details de l'article
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png)
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
You are free to:
- Share copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt remix, transform, and build upon the material
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- No additional restrictions You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.